Models · conditions · interventions

Models and prompting interventions

The benchmark has an intervention arm: the same stories under six prompting strategies. It answers RQ5 (does explicit state prompting help?) and RQ6 (do prior images help?) without a leaderboard.

Evidence status. Simulator responses to conditions are built into their parameters (facts available through context or a reference image are corrupted at a lower, stated rate). The intervention analysis therefore demonstrates that the pipeline detects such effects with paired story-level statistics; it says nothing about whether real models respond to these conditions. Hosted adapters (OpenAI Images, Replicate, Stability, Google Imagen) run under identical conditions when credentials are set.

Simulators on this release

ModelParametersRole
sim·oracle simp_memory 0.00 · p_adherence 0.00Perfect model. Establishes the evaluator's false-positive floor.
sim·drift-low simp_memory 0.04 · p_adherence 0.01Rare memory drift; drifted facts persist with probability 0.7.
sim·drift-mid simp_memory 0.12 · p_adherence 0.02Moderate drift; the default reference simulator.
sim·amnesiac simp_memory 0.35 · p_adherence 0.01 · image_bonus 0.25Near-perfect single images, very poor memory. The RQ3 counter-example.
sim·sloppy simp_memory 0.03 · p_adherence 0.15 · image_bonus 0.60Good memory, poor adherence: many prompt-stated facts are missed.

p_memory: per-scene probability that a fact available only from memory is corrupted. p_adherence: the same for a fact stated in the scene text (context-provided facts use p_adherence × a context factor: structured 1.0, summarised 1.3, full context 1.6). image_bonus multiplies p_memory for visual facts when a reference image is supplied.

Conditions

ConditionWhat the model receives
independentEach scene is generated from its own text only. No memory of earlier scenes.
previous textThe previous scene's text is prepended to the current scene text.
structured memoryprimaryA compact JSON state (characters, attributes, held objects, object states, order, setting) from the end of the previous scene is prepended.
previous imageThe previous generated image is passed as a reference to adapters that support image conditioning; text is the scene only.
summarized stateA one-paragraph natural-language summary of every persistent fact is prepended.
full contextAll previous scene texts are prepended, in order.

sim·amnesiac across conditions

0%25%50%75%100%independent: 45% [41%, 50%]independent45%previous text: 59% [55%, 64%]previous text59%structured memory: 96% [95%, 98%]structured memory96%previous image: 78% [76%, 81%]previous image78%summarized state: 96% [94%, 98%]summarized state96%full context: 96% [94%, 97%]full context96%
Coherence (memory-requirement pass rate) by condition, sim·amnesiac. Whiskers: 95% story-bootstrap CI.
Paired story-level differences (2,000-resample bootstrap). RQ5 = structured memory vs independent; RQ6 = previous image vs independent.
ComparisonΔ coherence95% CIΔ identityΔ clothingΔ object persistenceΔ globalSig. (coherence)
full context vs independent50.9%[46.3%, 55.3%]37.7%43.4%40.8%28.5%yes
full context vs structured memory-0.3%[-2.7%, 1.9%]2.1%-0.8%-2.4%-0.7%no
independent vs structured memory-51.2%[-55.6%, -46.5%]-35.5%-44.2%-43.2%-29.2%yes
previous image vs independent33.3%[27.4%, 38.8%]29.8%32.7%33.5%18.4%yes
previous image vs structured memory-18.0%[-20.8%, -15.2%]-5.7%-11.5%-9.7%-10.7%yes
previous text vs independent14.3%[8.7%, 19.7%]9.9%7.3%5.8%7.1%yes
previous text vs structured memory-37.0%[-42.1%, -31.9%]-25.7%-36.9%-37.5%-22.0%yes
structured memory vs independent51.2%[46.5%, 55.6%]35.5%44.2%43.2%29.2%yes
summarized state vs independent51.2%[46.4%, 55.6%]36.1%43.7%43.6%29.4%yes
summarized state vs structured memory0.0%[-2.6%, 2.4%]0.6%-0.4%0.4%0.3%no

sim·drift-mid across conditions

0%25%50%75%100%independent: 75% [70%, 79%]independent75%previous text: 85% [83%, 88%]previous text85%structured memory: 95% [93%, 97%]structured memory95%previous image: 88% [84%, 92%]previous image88%summarized state: 93% [91%, 95%]summarized state93%full context: 93% [91%, 94%]full context93%
Coherence (memory-requirement pass rate) by condition, sim·drift-mid. Whiskers: 95% story-bootstrap CI.
Paired story-level differences (2,000-resample bootstrap). RQ5 = structured memory vs independent; RQ6 = previous image vs independent.
ComparisonΔ coherence95% CIΔ identityΔ clothingΔ object persistenceΔ globalSig. (coherence)
full context vs independent18.2%[13.5%, 23.3%]11.3%19.5%22.7%10.4%yes
full context vs structured memory-2.3%[-4.7%, 0.3%]-1.8%-1.0%2.5%-1.0%no
independent vs structured memory-20.5%[-25.5%, -16.0%]-13.1%-20.5%-20.2%-11.4%yes
previous image vs independent13.8%[8.3%, 19.2%]7.5%16.9%18.1%8.1%yes
previous image vs structured memory-6.7%[-11.4%, -3.1%]-5.5%-3.7%-2.1%-3.2%yes
previous text vs independent10.6%[5.6%, 16.0%]5.7%11.7%13.1%6.7%yes
previous text vs structured memory-9.9%[-12.8%, -6.8%]-7.3%-8.8%-7.1%-4.7%yes
structured memory vs independent20.5%[16.0%, 25.5%]13.1%20.5%20.2%11.4%yes
summarized state vs independent18.7%[14.6%, 22.8%]12.4%18.0%23.8%10.6%yes
summarized state vs structured memory-1.8%[-4.5%, 0.9%]-0.6%-2.5%3.6%-0.7%no

RQ3 — single-image quality vs narrative coherence

Text–image adherence (fraction of prompt-stated facts satisfied) is the single-image quality proxy available offline; on real models it would be joined by ImageReward/HPS-style scores. Large dots are model means; small dots are stories.

0%0%25%25%50%50%75%75%100%100%adherence (single-image proxy)coherencesim·amnesiac · vsb-001-object_persistence-easy: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-002-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 95%sim·amnesiac · vsb-003-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-004-object_persistence-hard: 98% / 98%sim·amnesiac · vsb-005-wardrobe-easy: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-006-wardrobe-medium: 97% / 87%sim·amnesiac · vsb-007-wardrobe-medium: 100% / 97%sim·amnesiac · vsb-008-wardrobe-hard: 98% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-009-location_transitions-easy: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-010-location_transitions-medium: 96% / 86%sim·amnesiac · vsb-011-location_transitions-medium: 100% / 97%sim·amnesiac · vsb-012-location_transitions-hard: 100% / 95%sim·amnesiac · vsb-013-counting-easy: 100% / 95%sim·amnesiac · vsb-014-counting-medium: 95% / 95%sim·amnesiac · vsb-015-counting-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-016-counting-hard: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-017-possession-easy: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-018-possession-medium: 100% / 97%sim·amnesiac · vsb-019-possession-medium: 97% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-020-possession-hard: 100% / 99%sim·amnesiac · vsb-021-cause_effect-easy: 95% / 90%sim·amnesiac · vsb-022-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-023-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-024-cause_effect-hard: 94% / 85%sim·amnesiac · vsb-025-damage_state-easy: 94% / 76%sim·amnesiac · vsb-026-damage_state-medium: 100% / 97%sim·amnesiac · vsb-027-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-028-damage_state-hard: 100% / 95%sim·amnesiac · vsb-029-character_relationships-easy: 97% / 94%sim·amnesiac · vsb-030-character_relationships-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-031-character_relationships-medium: 96% / 98%sim·amnesiac · vsb-032-character_relationships-hard: 100% / 99%sim·amnesiac · vsb-033-spatial_arrangement-easy: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-034-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-035-spatial_arrangement-medium: 97% / 94%sim·amnesiac · vsb-036-spatial_arrangement-hard: 100% / 96%sim·amnesiac · vsb-037-temporal_progression-easy: 93% / 89%sim·amnesiac · vsb-038-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-039-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 100%sim·amnesiac · vsb-040-temporal_progression-hard: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-001-object_persistence-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-002-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 90%sim·drift-low · vsb-003-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-004-object_persistence-hard: 98% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-005-wardrobe-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-006-wardrobe-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-007-wardrobe-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-008-wardrobe-hard: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-009-location_transitions-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-010-location_transitions-medium: 100% / 92%sim·drift-low · vsb-011-location_transitions-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-012-location_transitions-hard: 98% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-013-counting-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-014-counting-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-015-counting-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-016-counting-hard: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-017-possession-easy: 93% / 92%sim·drift-low · vsb-018-possession-medium: 100% / 99%sim·drift-low · vsb-019-possession-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-020-possession-hard: 100% / 99%sim·drift-low · vsb-021-cause_effect-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-022-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-023-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-024-cause_effect-hard: 98% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-025-damage_state-easy: 100% / 90%sim·drift-low · vsb-026-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-027-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-028-damage_state-hard: 100% / 95%sim·drift-low · vsb-029-character_relationships-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-030-character_relationships-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-031-character_relationships-medium: 98% / 99%sim·drift-low · vsb-032-character_relationships-hard: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-033-spatial_arrangement-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-034-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 97%sim·drift-low · vsb-035-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-036-spatial_arrangement-hard: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-037-temporal_progression-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-low · vsb-038-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-low · vsb-039-temporal_progression-medium: 91% / 91%sim·drift-low · vsb-040-temporal_progression-hard: 100% / 99%sim·drift-mid · vsb-001-object_persistence-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-002-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-mid · vsb-003-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-004-object_persistence-hard: 96% / 89%sim·drift-mid · vsb-005-wardrobe-easy: 100% / 94%sim·drift-mid · vsb-006-wardrobe-medium: 97% / 92%sim·drift-mid · vsb-007-wardrobe-medium: 97% / 85%sim·drift-mid · vsb-008-wardrobe-hard: 96% / 92%sim·drift-mid · vsb-009-location_transitions-easy: 94% / 94%sim·drift-mid · vsb-010-location_transitions-medium: 92% / 69%sim·drift-mid · vsb-011-location_transitions-medium: 88% / 92%sim·drift-mid · vsb-012-location_transitions-hard: 81% / 97%sim·drift-mid · vsb-013-counting-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-014-counting-medium: 95% / 95%sim·drift-mid · vsb-015-counting-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-016-counting-hard: 94% / 91%sim·drift-mid · vsb-017-possession-easy: 100% / 95%sim·drift-mid · vsb-018-possession-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-019-possession-medium: 100% / 97%sim·drift-mid · vsb-020-possession-hard: 96% / 94%sim·drift-mid · vsb-021-cause_effect-easy: 100% / 95%sim·drift-mid · vsb-022-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-mid · vsb-023-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-024-cause_effect-hard: 98% / 93%sim·drift-mid · vsb-025-damage_state-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-026-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-027-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-028-damage_state-hard: 94% / 89%sim·drift-mid · vsb-029-character_relationships-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-030-character_relationships-medium: 93% / 87%sim·drift-mid · vsb-031-character_relationships-medium: 100% / 96%sim·drift-mid · vsb-032-character_relationships-hard: 100% / 95%sim·drift-mid · vsb-033-spatial_arrangement-easy: 100% / 97%sim·drift-mid · vsb-034-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-035-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 97%sim·drift-mid · vsb-036-spatial_arrangement-hard: 98% / 98%sim·drift-mid · vsb-037-temporal_progression-easy: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-038-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 98%sim·drift-mid · vsb-039-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 100%sim·drift-mid · vsb-040-temporal_progression-hard: 96% / 88%sim·oracle · vsb-001-object_persistence-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-002-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-003-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-004-object_persistence-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-005-wardrobe-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-006-wardrobe-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-007-wardrobe-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-008-wardrobe-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-009-location_transitions-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-010-location_transitions-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-011-location_transitions-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-012-location_transitions-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-013-counting-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-014-counting-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-015-counting-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-016-counting-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-017-possession-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-018-possession-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-019-possession-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-020-possession-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-021-cause_effect-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-022-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-023-cause_effect-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-024-cause_effect-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-025-damage_state-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-026-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-027-damage_state-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-028-damage_state-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-029-character_relationships-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-030-character_relationships-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-031-character_relationships-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-032-character_relationships-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-033-spatial_arrangement-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-034-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-035-spatial_arrangement-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-036-spatial_arrangement-hard: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-037-temporal_progression-easy: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-038-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-039-temporal_progression-medium: 100% / 100%sim·oracle · vsb-040-temporal_progression-hard: 100% / 100%sim·sloppy · vsb-001-object_persistence-easy: 74% / 82%sim·sloppy · vsb-002-object_persistence-medium: 88% / 61%sim·sloppy · vsb-003-object_persistence-medium: 100% / 76%sim·sloppy · vsb-004-object_persistence-hard: 86% / 64%sim·sloppy · vsb-005-wardrobe-easy: 88% / 63%sim·sloppy · vsb-006-wardrobe-medium: 87% / 79%sim·sloppy · vsb-007-wardrobe-medium: 89% / 76%sim·sloppy · vsb-008-wardrobe-hard: 83% / 46%sim·sloppy · vsb-009-location_transitions-easy: 88% / 69%sim·sloppy · vsb-010-location_transitions-medium: 88% / 89%sim·sloppy · vsb-011-location_transitions-medium: 92% / 75%sim·sloppy · vsb-012-location_transitions-hard: 67% / 52%sim·sloppy · vsb-013-counting-easy: 100% / 80%sim·sloppy · vsb-014-counting-medium: 82% / 79%sim·sloppy · vsb-015-counting-medium: 82% / 40%sim·sloppy · vsb-016-counting-hard: 90% / 80%sim·sloppy · vsb-017-possession-easy: 83% / 73%sim·sloppy · vsb-018-possession-medium: 94% / 68%sim·sloppy · vsb-019-possession-medium: 67% / 70%sim·sloppy · vsb-020-possession-hard: 79% / 56%sim·sloppy · vsb-021-cause_effect-easy: 95% / 85%sim·sloppy · vsb-022-cause_effect-medium: 79% / 51%sim·sloppy · vsb-023-cause_effect-medium: 79% / 71%sim·sloppy · vsb-024-cause_effect-hard: 88% / 71%sim·sloppy · vsb-025-damage_state-easy: 28% / 14%sim·sloppy · vsb-026-damage_state-medium: 92% / 92%sim·sloppy · vsb-027-damage_state-medium: 88% / 82%sim·sloppy · vsb-028-damage_state-hard: 91% / 67%sim·sloppy · vsb-029-character_relationships-easy: 83% / 77%sim·sloppy · vsb-030-character_relationships-medium: 74% / 80%sim·sloppy · vsb-031-character_relationships-medium: 83% / 59%sim·sloppy · vsb-032-character_relationships-hard: 89% / 69%sim·sloppy · vsb-033-spatial_arrangement-easy: 88% / 79%sim·sloppy · vsb-034-spatial_arrangement-medium: 86% / 67%sim·sloppy · vsb-035-spatial_arrangement-medium: 89% / 67%sim·sloppy · vsb-036-spatial_arrangement-hard: 63% / 62%sim·sloppy · vsb-037-temporal_progression-easy: 93% / 89%sim·sloppy · vsb-038-temporal_progression-medium: 86% / 65%sim·sloppy · vsb-039-temporal_progression-medium: 82% / 81%sim·sloppy · vsb-040-temporal_progression-hard: 68% / 51%sim·amnesiac: adherence (single-image proxy) 99%, coherence 96%sim·amnesiacsim·drift-low: adherence (single-image proxy) 99%, coherence 98%sim·drift-lowsim·drift-mid: adherence (single-image proxy) 98%, coherence 95%sim·drift-midsim·oracle: adherence (single-image proxy) 100%, coherence 100%sim·oraclesim·sloppy: adherence (single-image proxy) 83%, coherence 69%sim·sloppy
Adherence vs coherence, primary condition. The dashed line is equality.

Adherence (prompt-stated facts satisfied) is the single-image quality proxy; with n_models this small the correlation is descriptive only. Model-level Spearman ρ = 1.00 (n = 5).

Decay by tier and fitted decay rates

0%25%50%75%100%2345678Scenememory pass rateeasy · Scene 2: 72% [54%, 88%]easy · Scene 3: 74% [66%, 82%]easymedium · Scene 2: 82% [73%, 90%]medium · Scene 3: 74% [66%, 80%]medium · Scene 4: 72% [65%, 77%]medium · Scene 5: 66% [55%, 76%]mediumhard · Scene 2: 88% [79%, 95%]hard · Scene 3: 87% [77%, 94%]hard · Scene 4: 82% [72%, 90%]hard · Scene 5: 73% [59%, 82%]hard · Scene 6: 66% [51%, 79%]hard · Scene 7: 75% [68%, 81%]hard · Scene 8: 74% [65%, 81%]hard
Independent condition: memory pass rate by scene for the mid-drift simulator, split by tier.
easy medium hard
Fitted per-scene decay rate λ (log-linear fit of memory pass rate on scene index ≥ 2), by condition.
Modelfull contextindependentprevious imageprevious textstructured memorysummarized state
sim·amnesiac0.00630.11610.02010.17240.00360.0152
sim·drift-low0.0016
sim·drift-mid0.00390.01710.01820.0453-0.00090.0063
sim·oracle0.0000
sim·sloppy-0.0012

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